A brief introduction to the types of motors used in new energy vehicles

2021-05-07 13:55:48  Resource

Electric machinery, commonly known as a motor, is an electromagnetic device that converts or transmits electrical energy according to the laws of electromagnetic induction. As the power source of new energy vehicles, its quality determines how far new energy vehicles can go.


Electric motors can be divided into AC motors, DC motors, AC/DC dual-use motors, control motors, switching reluctance motors and signal motors. Electric motors suitable for electric drive can be divided into two categories: DC motors and AC motors.


At the beginning of the development of electric vehicles, DC motors were mostly used. Series-excited motors were used in the trial production of buses, while parallel-excited and compound-excited motors were used in minibuses and pick-up trucks. With the development of permanent magnet materials, permanent magnet DC motors were also used. The advantage of DC motors is that they have better control characteristics, but they are heavy, inefficient, expensive and require maintenance due to the presence of brushes and slip rings, which in turn can cause unsafe working due to brush wear.


As a result, with the development of power electronics, AC motors have gradually matured and DC motors are gradually being replaced by AC motors.


At present, permanent magnet synchronous motors, AC permanent magnet synchronous motors and AC asynchronous motors are widely used in new energy vehicles.


The permanent magnet synchronous motor is an asynchronous start permanent magnet synchronous motor, whose magnetic field system consists of one or more permanent magnets, usually inside a cage rotor welded with cast aluminium or copper bars, fitted with the poles of permanent magnets according to the required number of poles. The stator structure is similar to that of an asynchronous motor.


The permanent magnet synchronous motor has the advantage of high power density, high energy conversion efficiency (approx. 90-95%) and low energy consumption, but it also increases costs due to the inclusion of permanent magnets and the risk of demagnetisation of permanent magnets in high temperature and vibration environments.


AC asynchronous motors, although they can also be regarded as the principle of electromagnetism, differ from permanent magnet synchronous motors in that they use a coil + iron core design. The magnetic field emerges when electricity is applied and changes in direction and size as the current changes.


Although it does not have the high power of a permanent magnet synchronous motor, the AC asynchronous motor is less expensive, so cost control is ideal. However the large size also takes up a certain amount of space in the car, and also the high energy consumption is a big disadvantage, resulting in low operating efficiency. Therefore, AC asynchronous motors are used more often in new energy buses.


The asynchronous motor has the advantages of simple structure, easy manufacture, use and maintenance, reliable operation as well as smaller mass and lower cost. They are mainly used to drive machine tools, pumps, blowers, compressors, lifting and winding equipment, mining machinery, light industry machinery, agricultural and sideline processing machinery and most other industrial and agricultural production machinery as well as household appliances and medical equipment.


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